Skip Navigation
*To search for student contact information, login to FlashLine and choose "My Campus" tab.

Search by campus:

Special Collections and Archives

University Communications and Marketing

Finding Aid for the University Communications and Marketing May 4 records

May 4 Collection -- Boxes 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 206A, 206B, and 207

Author: Gregg McCullough, November 2008. Updated by Penny White April 2012.

Revisions: March 2012

Descriptive Rules: DACS

Origination: University Communications and Marketing

Inclusive Dates: 1964-2000

Extent: 6 cubic feet (5 record storage boxes, 3 document cases)

Physical Location: 10th floor

Language of Materials: English

Abstract: University Communications and Marketing (UCM) is responsible for advertising, media relations and special events for Kent State University. Regarding May 4-related activities, UCM has assisted with publicizing the annual commemorations as well as special dedications such as the May 4 Memorial and State of Ohio Historic Marker.

History: University Communications and Marketing is a unit of the Division of University Relations and seeks to promote the University among higher education institutions. UCM collaborates with the University's departments and programs to assist them in their respective marketing and communication endeavors. University Communications and Marketing went by several previous names, including University Relations and Marketing as well as University News Services.

Scope and Content: The University Communications and Marketing May 4 records contain press releases, programs, brochures, forms, correspondence, reports, surveys, speeches, papers, press kits, periodicals, flyers, articles, publications, newsclippings, and photographs pertaining to the events of May 4, 1970, the Gym Annex Controversy (a.k.a., Tent City), and the May 4 annual commemorations.

Statement of Arrangement: The University Communications and Marketing records are arranged by series, then chronologically by date. The collection contains the following series:

Series 1: May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities

Series 2: Press-related Materials

Series 3: Forms

Series 4: Correspondence

Series 5: Surveys

Series 6: Articles, Periodicals, and Publications

Series 7: Newsclippings

Series 8: Reports

Series 9: Speeches

Series 10: Educational Materials

Series 11: Photographs

Series 12: Miscellaneous Materials

Series 13: Audiovisual Materials

Preferred Citation: University Communications and Marketing records. May 4 Collection. Department of Special Collections and Archives. Kent State University Libraries and Media Services.

Related Material: Additional newsclippings about May 4 commemorations can be found in the May 4 Newspaper Clippings Collection. A more extensive collection of UCM records (unrelated to May 4) is also available in University Archives.

Restrictions on Access: Contact information of May 4 victims and their families as well as some press credentials are restricted.

Acquisition Information: The collection was donated to the Department of Special Collections and Archives by University Relations and Marketing in 2000.

Technical Requirements: The collection contains audiovisual materials, including audio cassettes, video cassettes, and reel- to-reel film. The Department of Special Collections and Archives can utilize audio cassettes and video tapes, but not reel-to-reel.

Bibliography: University Communications and Marketing. (2008). About UCM. Retrieved September 18, 2008 from http://www.kent.edu/ucm/AboutUCM/

Box 202

Folder -- Contents

Series 1: May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities

  1. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Agendas, January 6, 1999-December 10, 2000
  2. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Brochures, May 4 Commemorations, 1990-2000
  3. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Brochures, May 4 Site and Memorial, undated
  4. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Calendars and Schedules, April 15, 1971-April 18, 2000
  5. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Event and Marker Descriptions, undated
  6. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Event Programs and Schedules, September 28, 1970-MAy 4, 2000
  7. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Flyers, 1980-2000
  8. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Guest and Invitation Lists, April 20, 1971-1995
  9. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, "The Kent Four" poem, undated [12th Floor Map Case]
  10. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, List of Papers Presented at First Symposium, 2000
  11. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Lists of Tasks, 1999-2000
  12. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Mailing Lists, 1999-April 24, 2000
  13. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, May 4th Task Force Documents, April 28, 2000
  14. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Memorial Service Script, May 4, 1975
  15. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Minutes, July 13, 1999-May 15, 2000
  16. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Notes, September 30, 1994-April 26, 2000
  17. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, "Open Flies," May 8, 1971-May 9, 1971
  18. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Plans, October 28, 1999-November 29, 1999
  19. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Position Paper, undated
  20. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Questions Regarding May 4 and Events, September 7, 1999-April 11, 2000
  21. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Reports, April 3, 1971-February 7, 1990
  22. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Results of Needs Assessment, March 27, 2000
  23. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Rosters, June 30, 1999-November 2, 1999
  24. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Speeches, May 4, 1971 -September 8, 1999
  25. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Symposium Proposals, November 11, 1999-November 22, 1999
  26. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Symposium Proposals, November 23, 1999-November 29, 1999
  27. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Symposium Proposals, November 30, 1999
  28. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Symposium Proposals, December 1, 1999-December 3, 1999
  29. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Symposium Proposals, undated
  30. May 4 Commemorations and Related Activities, Symposium Proposals Reports, December 7, 1999

Series 2: Press-related Materials

  1. Press-related Materials, Broadcasting Schedules, January 15, 1999-April 26, 2000
  2. Press-related Materials, Commemoration Press Kit, 1981
  3. Press-related Materials, Commemoration Press Kit, 1981
  4. Press-related Materials, Commemoration Press Kit, 2000
  5. Press-related Materials, Commemoration Press Kit, 2000
  6. Press-related Materials, Commemoration Press Kit, 2000
  7. Press-related Materials, Commemoration Press Kit, 2000
  8. Press-related Materials, Commemoration Press Kit, 2000
  9. Press-related Materials, Commemoration Press Kit, 2000
  10. Press-related Materials, Commemoration Press Kit, 2000
  11. Press-related Materials, Commemoration Press Kit, 2000
  12. Press-related Materials, Commemoration Press Kit, 2000
  13. Press-related Materials, Commemoration Press Kit, 2000
  14. Press-related Materials, Groundbreaking Ceremony Press Kit, 1989
  15. Press-related Materials, Maps and Directions, 1992-2000
  16. Press-related Materials, Media Program Flyers, undated
  17. Press-related Materials, Media Call-In Sheets, May 4, 1992-December 30, 1994

Box 203

Folder -- Contents

  1. Press-related Materials, Media Call-In Sheets, January 3, 1995-December 15, 1995
  2. Press-related Materials, Media Call-In Sheets, January 1, 1996-May 24, 1996
  3. Press-related Materials, Media Call Logs, April 29, 1971-May 3, 1978
  4. Press-related Materials, Media Filming, 1964-1965
  5. Press-related Materials, Media Reports and Updates, April 10, 2000-May 5, 2000
  6. Press-related Materials, "Media Resources for the Events Surrounding May 4, 1970 and Related Topics," undated
  7. Press-related Materials, Miscellaneous Documents, undated
  8. Press-related Materials, Miscellaneous News, April 18, 1969-October 25, 1977
  9. Press-related Materials, Newsraps, May 4, 1971-June 4, 1972
  10. Press-related Materials, Press Contact Lists, May 4 1995-April 26, 2000
  11. Press-related Materials, Press Credentials, March 16, 1970-July 9, 1977
  12. Press-related Materials, Press Kit The '70s, 2000
  13. Press-related Materials, Press News Stories, March 1968-September 28, 1970
  14. Press-related Materials, Press News Stories, October 1, 1970-August 10, 1977
  15. Press-related Materials, Press Releases, May 8, 1969-June 4, 1977
  16. Press-related Materials, Press Releases, July 7, 1977-July 2, 1986
  17. Press-related Materials, Press Releases, May 7, 1987-November 22, 1994
  18. Press-related Materials, Press Re;eases, January 18, 1995-May 24, 2000
  19. Press-related Materials, Press Releases, undated (1 of 2)
  20. Press-related Materials, Press Releases, undated (2 of 2)
  21. Press-related Materials, Radio Lines, April 19, 1988-April 24, 1995

Series 3: Forms

  1. Forms, Audio Appraisal Sheet, undated
  2. Forms, Competition Registration Forms, undated
  3. Forms, Event Notification Form, undated
  4. Forms, Funding-Related Forms, February 7, 2000-March 7, 2000
  5. Forms, National Register of Historic Places, 1992
  6. Forms, Student News Release Form, September 6, 1991
  7. Forms, Symposium Evaluation Form, May 1, 2000-May 2, 2000
  8. Forms, University Relations and Marketing Media and General Inquiries Tracking Form, February 11, 2000-March 31, 2000
  9. Forms, University Relations and Marketing Media and General Inquiries Tracking Form, April 2, 2000-April 29, 2000
  10. Forms, University Relations and Marketing Media and General Inquiries Tracking Form, May 1, 2000-May 4, 2000
  11. Forms, University Relations and Marketing Media and General Inquiries Tracking Form, undated

Box 204

Folder -- Contents

  1. Forms, University Relations and Marketing Media and General Inquiries, May 4, 2000, Tracking Form, undated
  2. Forms, University Relations and Marketing Media and General Inquiries, May 4, 2000, Tracking Form, undated

Series 4: Correspondence

  1. Correspondence, Correspondence to Kent State University Students and Staff Regarding the Events of May 1-4, 1970, May 3, 1970-April 20, 1981
  2. Correspondence, Miscellaneous, June 8, 1964-April 23, 1976
  3. Correspondence, Miscellaneous, July 8, 1977-January 19, 1995
  4. Correspondence, University Relations and Marketing, May 4-Related Activities, January 19, 1989-March 30, 1990
  5. Correspondence, University Relations and Marketing, May 4-Related Activities, April 2, 1990-April 30, 1990
  6. Correspondence, University Relations and Marketing, May 4-Related Activities, May 1, 1990-November 30, 1990
  7. Correspondence, University Relations and Marketing, May 4-Related Activities, January 9, 1991-December 23, 1994
  8. Correspondence, University Relations and Marketing, May 4-Related Activities, January 20, 1995-October 23, 1998
  9. Correspondence, University Relations and Marketing, May 4-Related Activities, January 5, 1999-December 18, 1999
  10. Correspondence, University Relations and Marketing, May 4-Related Activities, January 3, 2000-March 31, 2000
  11. Correspondence, University Relations and Marketing, May 4-Related Activities, April 4, 2000-August 16, 2000
  12. Correspondence, University Relations and Marketing, May 4-Related Activities, undated

Series 5: Surveys

  1. Surveys, Gym Annex Survey, August 3, 1977-August 20, 1977
  2. Surveys, National Registry Preliminary Questionnaire, undated
  3. Surveys, Student Interest in May 4th 1970, undated
  4. Surveys, 30 Year Commemoration of Events of May 4, 1970, August 13, 1999
  5. Surveys, 30 Year Commemoration of Events of May 4, 1970, August 18, 1999-August 31, 1999
  6. Surveys, 30 Year Commemoration of Events of May 4, 1970, September 3, 1999-October 7, 1999
  7. Surveys, 30 Year Commemoration of Events of May 4, 1970, undated

Box 205

Folder -- Contents

Series 6: Articles, Periodicals, and Publications

  1. Article, "But Will We Ever Know What Really Happened?," April 18, 1973
  2. Article, "A Case of Mistaken Identity," undated
  3. Article, "The Echo of Seconds in May," January 2000
  4. Article, "Even at Kent State, the Fervor Has Faded," October 15, 1973
  5. Article, Newsweek "The 70's: Wearied By The War," January 3, 1994
  6. Article, "Inquire. Learn. Reflect. The Evolution of Student Activism," Winter 1995
  7. Article, "Kent, Ohio: The American Crisis," Summer 1970
  8. Article, "The Kent State Tragedy: Lessons for Teachers," April 1971
  9. Article, "May 4, 1970," undated
  10. Article, "The May 4 Shootings at Kent State University: The Search for Historical Accuracy," 1998
  11. Article, "May 4 Individual Student Markers Dedicated; Plans for 30th Commemoration Underway," 1999
  12. Article, "The Tassel Finally Turns," July 1993
  13. Article, Untitled, 1969
  14. Article, Untitled, November 8, 1974
  15. Article, Untitled, November 8, 1974
  16. Article, Untitled, November 8, 1974
  17. Article, Untitled, November 8, 1974
  18. Article, Untitled, November 8, 1974
  19. Article, Untitled, November 8, 1974
  20. Article, Untitled, November 8, 1974
  21. Article, Untitled, November 8, 1974
  22. Article, Untitled, November 8, 1974
  23. Article, Untitled, January 11, 1980
  24. Periodical, The Burr, Spring 1995
  25. Periodical, The Burr, 2000
  26. Periodical, Change, March/April 1990
  27. Periodical, Daily Kent Stater Supplement, May 4, 1995
  28. Periodical, Designer/builder, April 1999
  29. Periodical, For the Record, June 11, 1990
  30. Periodical, For Your Information, April 26, 1970-August 9, 1970
  31. Periodical, FYI, October 19, 1970
  32. Periodical, Kent Alumni, 2000
  33. Periodical, Kent May 4 Center Newsletter, March 1991-April 1993
  34. Periodical, Kent State F.A.C.T., October 1977-March 1978
  35. Periodical, Kent State University Weekly, May 3, 1981-May 9, 1981
  36. Periodical, KLDF Informational Newsletter #1, November 13, 1970
  37. Periodical, Life, May 1995
  38. Periodical, Memories, April/May 1970
  39. Periodical, Official Bulletin, May 11, 1970-August 18, 1970
  40. Periodical, 34th Street, November 10, 1977
  41. Periodical, The Truth Demands Justice, April 17, 1978
  42. Periodical, Uhuru, Spring 1995
  43. Periodical, University Business, February 2000
  44. Publication, Four: In Memory, 1974
  45. Publication, The Fourth of May, March 27, 1990
  46. Publication, FYI Special Bulletin, April 18, 1969
  47. Publication, FYI Special Statement, April 21, 1969
  48. Publication, Kent State/May 4, 1982
  49. Publication, National Register Bulletin, 1991-1992
  50. Publication, The New Book: Freshman Orientation '80, 1980
  51. Publication, Special Bulletin, April 18, 1969
  52. Publication, The Stan and Tom Wick 2000 Poetry Scholarship Awards, 2000
  53. Publication, The Truth Demands Justice, 1976
  54. Publication, 25 Year Retrospective of Kent State and Jackson State, April 23, 1995-April 24, 1995
  55. Publication, To Heal Kent State, 1990

Series 7: Newsclippings

  1. Newsclippings, May 6, 1970-February 1981
  2. Newsclippings, March 6, 1987-December 1998
  3. Newsclippings, January 11, 1999-August 27, 1999
  4. Newsclippings, September 1, 1999-December 10, 1999
  5. Newsclippings, April 2, 2000-April 26, 2000
  6. Newsclippings, April 28, 2000-April 30,2000
  7. Newsclippings, May 1, 2000-May 3, 2000
  8. Newsclippings, May 4, 2000

Box 206

Folder -- Contents
  1. Newsclippings, May 4, 2000 (continued)
  2. Newsclippings, May 5, 2000
  3. Newsclippings, May 7, 2000-June 9, 2000
  4. Newsclippings, Crankshaft, April 9, 2000-May 6, 2000

Series 8: Reports

  1. Report, "Analysis of Space Needs: Physical Education Building for Departments of Allied Health Sciences, Physical Education - Men, Physical Education - Women, Recreation, and Intramurals and Campus Recreation," January 11, 1975
  2. Report, "The Anti-War Pieta," 1994
  3. Report, Brief History of Kent State University to 1975, undated
  4. Report, Committee Reports and Fact Sheets, undated
  5. Report, Event Attendance Report, April 3, 2000-May 5, 2000
  6. Report, Final Report of the Committee on Town/Gown Relationships, July 1996
  7. Report, "Historical Accuracy Versus Dramatic License in Television Docu-Drama: The Making of 'Kent State,'" 1981
  8. Report, "The Initiative to Strengthen Democracy," November 1999
  9. Report, "Interim Report of the Select Committee to Investigate Campus Disturbances to the 108th Ohio General Assembly," 1970
  10. Report, "Judicial Impact: A Case Study of the Impact of the 'Kent State' Federal Grand Jury on Student Attitudes Toward the May 4th Shootings," August 20, 1974
  11. Report, Kent State Rough Draft, May 1971
  12. Report, The May 4, 1970 30th Anniversary Commemoration Project Management Plan, May 11, 1999
  13. Report, "Media Coverage of 30th Commemoration of May 4, 1970," 2000
  14. Report, Media Tracking Reports, undated
  15. Report, Monitoring Report, Media Productions, February 1, 1999-December 1, 1999
  16. Report, Organizational Analysis # 15, the Impact of May 4, 1970, undated
  17. Report, President's Report, 1988-1989
  18. Report, A Proposal to Implement the Strategic Plan Strategy Related to the Events of May 4, 1970, undated
  19. Report, Report of the Kent State University's May 4th Memorial Committee, undated
  20. Report, The Right of the People: A Critical Commentary on the Linkage of the First and Second Amendments in Recent Constitutional Theory, undated
  21. Report, 30th May 4 Commemoration Committee Communications Subcommittee Report, undated
  22. Report, 30 Year May 4 Commemoration, Community Relations Subcommittee, August 20, 1999-November 2, 1999
  23. Report, University News Service Staff Activities for May 1970, undated

Series 9: Speeches

  1. Speech, "Beyond the Classroom," May 4, 1990
  2. Speech, Dr. Glenn Olds, Undated
  3. Speech, "Dr. Olds' Remarks About Court Order," April 27, 1972
  4. Speech, "General Remarks," May 1, 1972
  5. Speech, "Gov. Rhodes' Speech on Campus Disorders in Kent," May 3, 1970
  6. Speech, "Inquiry, Learning, and Reflection," April 26, 1990
  7. Speech, "Introductory Remarks to Resolution," September 19, 1977
  8. Speech, "Is Peace Possible?," May 4, 1971
  9. Speech, James Nuber's Testimony to Ohio Legislative Committee on Campus Unrest's Sub-Committee, January 21, 1971
  10. Speech, "The Kent Heritage," August 27, 1977
  11. Speech, May 4 Talk, Undated
  12. Speech, Remarks by Carol Cartwright, May 3, 1992
  13. Speech, Remarks by Dr. Ralph David Abernathy, President Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Memorial Service at Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, September 28, 1970
  14. Speech, Remarks by George McGovern, May 4, 1990
  15. Speech, Remarks for Kent Chapter of the AAUW, Dr. Richard Bredemeier, December 6, 1999
  16. Speech, "Remarks of James F. Ahern at Kent State University," May 3, 1971
  17. Speech, Remarks to Faculty Senate, May 5, 1997
  18. Speech, "Requiem Mass," June 3, 1970
  19. Speech, "Some Remarks After a Decade," undated
  20. Speech, "Speech Prepared for Fall Meeting, Ohio UPI Editors, Columbus, Ohio," November 14, 1970
  21. Speech, "Speech Prepared for Joint Meeting Cleveland Rotary Club and Cleveland Advertising Club, Cleveland, Ohio," November 19, 1970
  22. Speech, Steve Fullerton Commentary, August 2, 1977
  23. Speech, "Talk to Faculty Senate," October 19, 1970
  24. Speech, "A Tribute to Glenn Frank: Just the Facts," May 4, 1994
  25. Speech, Untitled, August 8, 1977
  26. Speech, Untitled, May 4, 1990
  27. Speech, Untitled, undated
  28. Speech, "What Price Protest?," August 11, 1977

Series 10: Educational Materials

  1. Educational Materials, Lesson Plans, undated
  2. Educational Materials, May 4 CD ROM Project, undated
  3. Educational Materials, Syllabi, Spring 1994

Series 11: Photographs

  1. Photographs, Markers, May 1985
  2. Photographs, Events at May 4 Site, May 2000
  3. Photographs, Memorial, undated

Series 12: Miscellaneous Materials

  1. Miscellaneous Materials, Bibliographies of Resources, 1983-1989
  2. Miscellaneous Materials, Biographies, undated
  3. Miscellaneous Materials, Booklet, May Memorial and Downtown Disturbances, May 1971
  4. Miscellaneous Materials, Campus Maps, 1975-1977
  5. Miscellaneous Materials, Chronologies, Schedules and Calendars, 1970-April 4, 1986
  6. Miscellaneous Materials, "Commentary: Truth @ Kent State Before 1995?," undated
  7. Miscellaneous Materials, Court Documents, October 15, 1970-July 28, 1977
  8. Miscellaneous Materials, Court Documents, July 29, 1977
  9. Miscellaneous Materials, Curriculum Vitae and Resumes, undated
  10. Miscellaneous Materials, Diskettes, undated
  11. Miscellaneous Materials, Draft of May 4 Introduction, undated
  12. Miscellaneous Materials, Facts on File entries, 1970-1977

Box 206A

Folder -- Contents
  1. Miscellaneous Materials, Fact Sheets, 1972-1975
  2. Miscellaneous Materials, Flyers, May 3, 1969-1989
  3. Miscellaneous Materials, Guidelines, Rules, and Regulations, May 5, 1971
  4. Miscellaneous Materials, Incident Reports, May 3, 1971-September 14, 1977
  5. Miscellaneous Materials, Lists, 1969-May 1970
  6. Miscellaneous Materials, News Announcements, January 8, 1971-May 4, 1978
  7. Miscellaneous Materials, Notes, undated
  8. Miscellaneous Materials, Petitions, October 16, 1970-October 23, 1970
  9. Miscellaneous Materials, Position Paper, undated
  10. Miscellaneous Materials, Press Interview Transcripts, June 1968-September 6, 1981
  11. Miscellaneous Materials, Priority Listing of Capital Improvement Projects, July 1, 1973-June 30, 1977
  12. Miscellaneous Materials, Questions, undated
  13. Miscellaneous Materials, Recommendations, May 25, 1970-August 17, 1970
  14. Miscellaneous Materials, Recommendations Notebook, undated
  15. Miscellaneous Materials, Recommendations, May 25, 1970-August 17, 1970 (copy 2)
  16. Miscellaneous Materials, Referendum Ballot and Results, April 23, 1969-June 1970
  17. Miscellaneous Materials, Reports, October 23, 1970-1977

Box 206B

Folder -- Contents
  1. Miscellaneous Materials, Request for Permission to Reprint Materials, 1992
  2. Miscellaneous Materials, Resolution, May 12, 1970
  3. Miscellaneous Materials, Rosters, undated
  4. Miscellaneous Materials, Statements Regarding Events Prior to, During, and After May 1970, March 7, 1969-May 4, 1976
  5. Miscellaneous Materials, Statements Regarding Events Prior to, During, and After May 1970, May 12, 1977-May 4, 1978
  6. Miscellaneous Materials, Students' Activities and Arrests, March 2, 1970-October 22, 1977
  7. Miscellaneous Materials, Unidentified and Other Materials, April 22, 1969-April 4, 1986
Box 207

Folder -- Contents

Series 13: Audiovisual

  1. Audiovisual, Audio Cassette Tape, Barn Lewis, May 4, 1970-March 1999
  2. Audiovisual, Audio Cassette Tape, May 4th Panel, undated
  3. Audiovisual, Audio Cassette Tape, Ohio Public Radio, October 12, 1995
  4. Audiovisual, Audio Cassette Tape, Press Conference, May 4, 1990
  5. Audiovisual, Audio Cassette Tape, Untitled, March 1999
  6. Audiovisual, Reel to Reel, Unidentified 1, undated
  7. Audiovisual, Reel to Reel, Unidentified 2, undated
  8. Audiovisual, Reel to Reel, Unidentified 3, undated
  9. Audiovisual, Reel to Reel, Unidentified 4, undated
  10. Audiovisual, Reel to Reel, Unidentified 5, undated
  11. Audiovisual, Reel to Reel, Unidentified 6, undated
  12. Audiovisual, Reel to Reel (Audio), Unidentified 7, undated
  13. Audiovisual, Video Cassette Tape, Unidentified 1, undated
  14. Audiovisual, Video Cassette Tape, Unidentified 2, undated